Fraud

01-10-2011 12:00 AM - عدد القراءات : 4044
كتب elhossien mahmoud elhossien@hotmail.com
The act of intentionally deceiving someone in order to gain an unfair or illegal advantage (financial, political or otherwise). Countries consider such offences to be criminal or a violation of civil law.36
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Example in practice
 
During the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections, reports of fraud from election-rigging (e.g. ballot box stuffing and voter intimidation) led to the annulment of the winning candidate’s victory and a run-off inwhich independent monitors declared the opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko the winner.
 
Relevant links
 
—— National Democratic Institute: Election Monitoring.
 
—— UK Electoral Commission.
 
—— UK Serious Fraud Office.
 
36 Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Centre http://www.giaccentre.org/what_is_corruption.php
 
Transparency International, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance (Kenya and Berlin: 2004).
United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives: Accelerating Human Development in the Asia and the Pacific (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2008).