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Manipulation of policies, institutions and rules of procedure in the allocation of resources and financing by political decision makers, who abuse their position to sustain their power, status and wealth.57 See ‘corruption’, ‘grand corruption’ and ‘petty corruption’.
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Example in practice
In 2000, Daniel Ortega and Arnoldo Aleman, the two leaders of Nicaragua’s principal opposition parties, reached an informal pact to push through a constitutional change that enhanced their controlof government institutions and constitutional leverage, including life-long immunity from prosecution.
Relevant links
—— CMI Paper: Political Corruption-An Introduction to the Issues.
—— Transparency International: Political Corruption.
—— Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2004, Political Corruption.
—— U4 theme: Political Corruption.
57 Hodess, ‘Introduction’, in: Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004 - Political Corruption’ (Berlin: 2004).
I. Amundsen, ‘Political Corruption: An Introduction to the Issues’ (CMI Working Paper 1999:7)
D Brinkerhoff and A Goldsmith, ‘Clientelism, Patrimonialism and Democratic Governance: An Overview and Framework for Assessment and Programming’, Abt Associates prepared for USAID, 2002. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacr426.pdf.