السبت,1 أكتوبر 2011 - 12:00 ص
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Any activity carried out to influence a government or institution’s policies and decisions in favour of a specific cause or outcome. Even when allowed by law, these acts can become distortive if disproportionate levels of influence exist — by companies, associations, organizations and individuals.42
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Example in practice
American lobbying expenses have almost doubled over the last decade, reaching US$ 2.8 billion in 2007 and swelling the ranks of lobbyists to a record 16,000 in 2008. The U.S. pharmaceutical andhealth products industry is one of the top lobbying groups whose investments have resulted insuccessfully blocking regulated price controls, restricting importation of drugs from countries that cap
drug prices, and influencing industry-friendly policies at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Relevant links
—— Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation.
—— Center for Public Integrity: LobbyWatch.
—— Open Secrets.
42 United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives: Accelerating Human Development in the Asia and the Pacific (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2008).
Transparency International, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance (Kenya and Berlin: 2004).